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2014年乌克兰危机爆发以来,俄罗斯在乌克兰的行动称为"混合战争",它具有以下特点:小规模、多维度、高科技、善伪装。俄罗斯在乌克兰主要应用了四种形式:代理人战争;信息战争;网络战争;特种战争。俄罗斯在乌克兰的"混合战"有得有失。克里姆林宫成功夺取了克里米亚,控制了顿巴斯,但是却失去了乌克兰和中东欧国家。在乌克兰,俄罗斯借鉴西方"混合战"的概念,演绎出了鲜明的俄罗斯特色。美国版的"混合战"理论研究的是弱者对强者的反抗,而俄国版的"混合战"理论关注的是强者对弱者的征服。美国的"混合战"最初研究的对象主要是"非国家行为体",而俄罗斯的"混合战"主要依赖的是伪装成为"非国家行为体"的"国家行为体"。作为21世纪一种崭新的战争形式,无论是西方还是东方的"混合战",都值得我们关注。
Abstract：After Russia's sudden seizure of Crimea and military interventionin eastern Ukraine in 2014, the concept of "Hybrid Warfare" was widely discussedin academic and political circles. Russia and Ukraine have not declared war on each other, but are involved in a de facto war. The United States(US) and the European Union(EU) accused Russia of engaging in "Hybrid Warfare" in Ukraine,while Russia accused the US and the EU of instigating "Color Revolution" around Russia. Compared with "Traditional Warfare", "Hybrid Warfare" generally has the following characteristics: small-scale, multi-dimensional, high-tech and well-camouflaged. In Ukraine, Russia has mainly applied four forms of "Hybrid Warfare" : Proxy war, Information war, Cyber war,and war among special operations forces. These four new forms of war combine with the traditional conventional war to form the main body of "Hybrid Warfare". Russia's "Hybrid Warfare" in Ukraine has both gains and losses. The Kremlin successfully seized control of Crimea and Donbas, but it lost Ukraine and other Central and Eastern European countries. In Ukraine, Russia learned from the western concept of"Hybrid Warfare" and developed it with distinctive Russian characteristics. The "Hybrid Warfare" studies in the US focuses on the resistance of the weak against the strong, while the Russian version focuses on the conquest of the weak by the strong. The research unitof the American school of "Hybrid Warfare" is mainly "non-state actors", while Russia's "Hybrid Warfare" mainly concerns "state actors". As a new form of warfare in the 21 st century, the "Hybrid Warfare" of both the West and the East deserves our attention.
(1)国内有关“混合战”的研究可参见：王宝付：《“混合战争”：战争演进的新形态》，载《光明日报》2016年4月6日，第11版。韩爱勇：《国家安全面临的新挑战》，载《学习时报》2019年1月18日，第2版。Zeleniuk Oleksandr:《21世纪混合战争的研究：俄乌冲突中的乌克兰视角》，华东师范大学硕士论文，2019年。王湘穗：《混合战：前所未有的综合》，载《解放军报》2019年5月23日，第7版。刘纪未，张畅：《“混合战争”理论视阈下俄罗斯军事战略调整探析》，载《江南社会学院学报》2019年第2期。马建光，李元斌：《“混合战争”及其特点：俄罗斯学者视角的解释》，载《俄罗斯东欧中亚研究》2020年第5期。
(2)“Address by the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko to the Joint Session of the United States Congress”,September 18,2014,http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/31252.html
(3)“Russia Is Advancing on Ukraine Again-and Ukraine Isn’t Going Quietly:President Petro Poroshenko Tells the Post How He Wants the War to End”,September 13,2018,https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/russia-is-advancing-on-ukraine-again--and-ukraine-isnt-going-quietly/2018/09/13/90162764-b6cd-11e8-a2c5-3187f427e253_story.html?utm_term=.c4515437e945&noredirect=on
(4)Mark Landler and Michael R.Gordon,“NATO Chief Warns of Duplicity by Putin on Ukraine”,The New York Times,July 8,2014.
(5)James K.Wither,“Making Sense of Hybrid Warfare”,Connections,Vol.15,No.2,2016,p.77.
(1)Kateryna Zarembo and Sergiy Solodkyy,“The Evolution of Russian Hybrid Warfare:Ukraine”,January 29,2021,https://cepa.org/the-evolution-of-russian-hybrid-warfare-ukraine/
(2)Franklin D.Kramer,Hans Binnendijk,and Dan Hamilton,“Defend the Arteries of Society:Countries need new strategies to protect critical networks and infrastructure”,https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2015/06/09/russia-ukraine-and-the-rise-of-hybrid-warfare
(1)James N.Mattis and Frank Hoffman,“Future Warfare:The Rise of Hybrid Wars”,U.S.Naval Institute Proceedings,Vol.131,Iss.11,November 2005,pp.18-19.
(2)Damien Van Puyvelde,“Hybrid war-does it even exist?”May 7,2015,https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2015/05/07/hybrid-war-does-it-even-exist/index.html.
(3)Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal,“Hybrid Warfare”,Defence Journal,Vol.22,Issue.3,October 2018,p.80.
(4)Damien Van Puyvelde,“Hybrid war-does it even exist?”May 7,2015,https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2015/05/07/hybrid-war-does-it-even-exist/index.html.
(5)Christopher S.Chivvis,“Understanding Russian‘Hybrid Warfare’and What Can be Done About It”,p.1,March 22,2017,https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/CT400/CT468/RAND_CT468.pdf.
(1)NATO Review:“Hybrid war-hybrid response?”July 1,2014,https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2014/07/01/hybrid-war-hybrid-response/index.html
(2)Christopher S.Chivvis,“Understanding Russian‘Hybrid Warfare’and What Can be Done About It”,pp.2-3,March 22,2017,https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/CT400/CT468/RAND_CT468.pdf.
(3)Christopher S.Chivvis,“Understanding Russian‘Hybrid Warfare’and What Can be Done About It,”pp.7-8,March 22,2017,https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/CT400/CT468/RAND_CT468.pdf.
(4)James K.Wither,“Making Sense of Hybrid Warfare”,Connections,Vol.15,No.2,2016,pp.80-81.
(5)Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal,“Hybrid Warfare”,Defence Journal,Vol.22,Iss.3,October,2018,p.80.
(1)《俄军事理论家拟研究“软实力”概念》，俄罗斯卫星网，2016年3月1日，http://sputniknews.cn/politics/201603011018256947/
(2)马建光，李元斌：《“混合战争”’及其特点：俄罗斯学者视角的解释》”，载《俄罗斯东欧中亚研究》2020年第5期，第25页。
(3)Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal,“Hybrid Warfare”,Defence Journal,Vol.22,Issue.3,October 2018,p.80.
(4)А.А.巴尔托什：《混合战争战略和反战略》，李抒音、吴一鸣译，载《俄罗斯学刊》2020年第2期，第123-124页。
(5)А.А.巴尔托什：《混合战争战略和反战略》，李抒音、吴一鸣译，载《俄罗斯学刊》2020年第2期，第134页。
(1)А.А.巴尔托什：《混合战争战略和反战略》，李抒音、吴一鸣译，载《俄罗斯学刊》2020年第2期，第133页。
(2)А.А.巴尔托什：《混合战争战略和反战略》，李抒音、吴一鸣译，载《俄罗斯学刊》2020年第2期，第135页。
(3)“俄罗斯之春”是相对于“阿拉伯之春”（Arab Spring）而言，“阿拉伯之春”指2010年起于突尼斯而扩散到埃及、利比亚、也门、叙利亚等很多阿拉伯国家的政治动荡和政权更迭。
(1)“Putin:‘Color Revolutions’Became Lesson,Warning for Russia”,November 20,2014,https://sputniknews.com/russia/201411201014951454/
(2)《普京：通过“颜色革命”解决前苏联国家争议问题完全无法接受》，俄罗斯卫星网，2015年9月28日，https://sputniknews.cn/politics/201509281016449948/
(3)《绍伊古：俄在叙行动打断了“颜色革命”链条》，俄罗斯卫星网，2017年2月21日，https://sputniknews.cn/russia/201702211021923759/
(4)《俄防长：‘颜色革命’的地理范围很可能扩大》，俄罗斯卫星网，2017年2月21日，https://sputniknews.cn/politics/201702221021925438/
(1)“Russian GRU military spy chief Igor Sergun dies”,January 5,2016,http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35226131
(2)《普京：虽有欧盟支持，乌克兰“木偶剧”的真正主使是美国》，俄罗斯卫星网，2015年3月15日，http://sputniknews.cn/russia/201503151014100774/
(3)“Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s interview with the newspaper Argumenty i Fakty”,Moscow,May 24,2021,https://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/maps/ua/-/asset_publisher/ktn0ZLTvbb S3/content/id/4741307
(1)Daniel Treisman,“Why Putin Took Crimea:The Gambler in the Kremlin”,Foreign Affairs,May/June 2016,p.50.
(2)Daniel Treisman,“Why Putin Took Crimea:The Gambler in the Kremlin”,Foreign Affairs,May/June 2016,p.52.
(3)Condoleezza Rice,“Will America Heed the Wake-up Call of Ukraine?”March 7,2014,http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/condoleezza-rice-will-america-heed-the-wake-up-call-of-ukraine/2014/03/07/cf087f74-a630-11e3-84d4-e59b1709222c_story.html
(4)“Interview with Oliver Stone”,July 19,2019,http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/61057
(5)俄罗斯电视纪录片《克里米亚：回家之路》，俄罗斯第一电视新闻频道2015年3月15日播出。
(1)“亚努科维奇在俄罗斯强调自己仍是乌克兰合法总统”，中国新闻网，2014年3月1日，http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2014/03-01/5897970.shtml
(2)“Assistant Secretary-General for Political Affairs Updates Security Council as It Holds Second Meeting on Ukraine in Three Days”,March 3,2014,https://www.un.org/press/en/2014/sc11305.doc.htm
(3)“Who are Ukraine's pro-Russia rebels?”http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/22/world/europe/ukraine-rebels-explainer/index.html?hpt=hp_c1
(4)“Russian GRU military spy chief Igor Sergun dies”,January 5,2016,http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35226131
(1)《俄罗斯联邦总统有关克里米亚入俄的演讲》，2014年3月18日，“ОбращениеПрезидентаРоссийскойФедерации”,18марта,2014года,http://kremlin.ru/transcripts/20603
(2)《普京简化了向顿涅茨克人民共和国和卢甘斯克人民共和国居民发放俄护照的程序》，俄罗斯卫星网，2019年4月24日，http://sputniknews.cn/russia/201904241028294561/
(3)《俄内务部：顿巴斯居民有权在不放弃乌克兰国籍的情况下申请俄罗斯护照》，俄罗斯卫星网，2019年4月25日，http://sputniknews.cn/society/201904251028297488/
(4)《普京批准简化向顿巴斯所有乌克兰人发放护照的程序》，俄罗斯卫星网，2019年7月18日，http://sputniknews.cn/russia/201907181029036640/
(1)“Over 150000 Lugansk republic residents obtain Russian passports”,October 1,2019,https://tass.com/society/1207369
(2)“Kremlin:Dual citizenship of Donbass residents will not create legal obstacles in future”,April9,2021,https://tass.com/politics/1276041
(3)“Concerned about Ongoing Militarization of Crimea,Human Rights Violations in Eastern Ukraine,Speakers Tell General Assembly Minsk Agreements Must Be Fully Implemented”,February 20,2020,https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/ga12241.doc.htm
(4)《普京：俄罗斯人和乌克兰人若有共同国籍则只会都获益》，俄罗斯卫星网，2019年4月29日，http://sputniknews.cn/politics/201904291028343753/
(5)“Interview of the President of Ukraine to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung”,Jnue 1,2021,https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/intervyu-prezidenta-ukrayini-nimeckomu-vidannyu-frankfurter-68757
(1)“Tensions in Ukraine Grow amid Russian Military Drills,”Moscow Times,February 27,2014,pg.1.
(2)俄罗斯电视纪录片《克里米亚：回家之路》，俄罗斯第一电视新闻频道2015年3月15日播出。
(3)《俄议会上院主席：不可能武力干涉》，人民网，2014年2月27日，http://world.people.com.cn/n/2014/0227/c157278-24475995.html
(4)《俄杜马主席：暂无必要行使在乌克兰动用俄军的权利》，中国日报网，2014年3月4日，http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqgj/2014wkl/2014-03/04/content_17322182.htm
(5)俄罗斯电视纪录片《克里米亚：回家之路》，俄罗斯第一电视新闻频道2015年3月15日播出。
(6)Larysa Masenko,“Ukraine and the Kremlin’s myth of the‘polite’invader”,September 6,2017,http://euromaidanpress.com/2017/09/06/the-kremlins-myth-of-the-polite-invader/
(1)《俄罗斯联邦总统有关克里米亚入俄的演讲》，2014年3月18日，“Обращение Президента Российской Федерации”,18марта,2014года,http://kremlin.ru/transcripts/20603
(2)《俄常驻欧盟代表：危机期间俄向克里米亚调遣九千名军人》，俄罗斯卫星网，2016年5月19日，http://sputniknews.cn/russia/20160519/1019327400.html
(3)《普京：克里米亚回归俄罗斯过程中未出一点差错》，俄罗斯卫星网，2015年3月16日，http://sputniknews.cn/society/201503161014104879/
(4)Larysa Masenko,“Ukraine and the Kremlin’s myth of the‘polite’invader”,September 6,2017,http://euromaidanpress.com/2017/09/06/the-kremlins-myth-of-the-polite-invader/
(1)“Top Nato general in Russian troops alert”,Financial Times,March 23,2014.
(2)“Russia:Despite troop buildup,no intention of invading Ukraine”,March 30,2014,https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-despite-troop-buildup-no-intention-of-invading-ukraine/
(3)“Matviyenko:Russian forces in southeastern Ukraine scenario should not be considered”,Interfax:Russia&CIS Military Newswire,April 25,2014.
(4)“Lavrov:No Russian Intervention in Ukraine”,Sep 2,2014,Moscow Times,pg.3.
(5)Claire Bigg,“Vostok Battalion,a Powerful New Player in Eastern Ukraine”,Radio Free Europe,May 30,2014,http://www.rferl.org/content/vostok-battalion-a-powerful-new-player-in-easternukraine/25404785.html
(6)“NATO:Russia Uses Shadow Soldiers in Eastern Ukraine”,May 2,2014,https://www.npr.org/2014/05/02/308915826/nato-russia-uses-shadow-soldiers-in-eastern-ukraine
(7)David Marples (Canada),“Dismantling Ukraine”,Moscow Times,April 16,2014,pg.8.
(1)“Ukraine Situation‘More Combustible than Ever’,Assistant Secretary-General Warns Security Council,Calling for Action to De-escalate Crisis”,April 13,2014,https://www.un.org/press/en/2014/sc11351.doc.htm
(2)Maksymilian Czuperski,John Herbst,Eliot Higgins,Alina Polyakova and Damon Wilson,Hiding in Plain Sight:Putins War in Ukraine,Atlantic Council,2015,p.15.
(3)Maksymilian Czuperski,John Herbst,Eliot Higgins,Alina Polyakova and Damon Wilson,Hiding in Plain Sight:Putins War in Ukraine,Atlantic Council,2015,p.16.
(4)“Significant Escalation:Russian Tanks Enter Ukraine”,August 28,2014,https://www.cbsnews.com/news/significant-escalation-russian-tanks-enter-ukraine/
(1)“Russian‘humanitarian’trucks leaving with stolen factory equipment”,http://euromaidanpress.com/2014/08/23/russian-humanitarian-trucks-leaving-with-stolen-factory-equipment/
(2)《专家认为俄空降兵越过乌边境并非恶意》，俄罗斯卫星网，2014年8月27日，http://sputniknews.cn/russia/2014082744148148/
(3)“What we know about Russian troops in eastern Ukraine”,May 22,2018,http://euromaidanpress.com/2018/05/22/what-we-know-about-russian-troops-in-eastern-ukraine/
(4)“Russians captured in Ukraine send messages back home”,May 19,2015,http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russian-captured-in-eastern-ukraine-says-he-is-fine/2015/05/19/05c2ddeefe40-11e4-8c77-bf274685e1df_story.html
(1)Maksymilian Czuperski,John Herbst,Eliot Higgins,Alina Polyakova and Damon Wilson,Hiding in Plain Sight:Putins War in Ukraine,Atlantic Council,2015,p.17.
(2)“Russia has lost some 2,000 soldiers in Donbas invasion-Lysenko”,http://euromaidanpress.com/2014/09/05/russia-has-lost-some-2000-soldiers-in-donbas-invasion-lysenko/
(3)“Statement by the President at the General Debate of the 70th Session of the United Nations General Assembly”,September 29,2015,http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/vistup-prezidenta-ukrayini-na-zagalnih-debatah-70-yi-sesiyi-36057
(4)“AP:Thousands of Russian private contractors fighting in Syria”,December 12,2017,https://www.foxnews.com/world/thousands-of-russian-private-contractors-fighting-in-syria.
(1)“‘It is crystal clear’Russian military is on the ground,Ukraine PM says”,https://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/05/europe/ukraine-conflict/
(2)“Statement by the President at the General Debate of the 70th Session of the United Nations General Assembly”,29 September,2015,http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/vistup-prezidenta-ukrayini-na-zagalnih-debatah-70-yi-sesiyi-36057
(3)“Russia Is Advancing on Ukraine Again-and Ukraine Isn’t Going Quietly:President Petro Poroshenko Tells the Post How He Wants the War to End”,https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/russia-is-advancing-on-ukraine-again--and-ukraine-isnt-going-quietly/2018/09/13/90162764-b6cd-11e8-a2c5-3187f427e253_story.html?utm_term=.c4515437e945&noredirect=on
(4)“Interview of the President of Ukraine to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung”,Jnue 1,2021,https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/intervyu-prezidenta-ukrayini-nimeckomu-vidannyu-frankfurter-68757
(5)“Putin:No Russian Troops Fighting in Ukraine”,April 16,2014,http://sputniknews.com/europe/20150416/1020966314.html
(6)《普京：乌克兰境内没有俄军队》，俄罗斯卫星网，2018年3月7日，http://sputniknews.cn/politics/201803071024864500/
(1)《克宫：俄军以前和现在都未参与乌克兰冲突》，俄罗斯卫星网，2021年4月1日，http://sputniknews.cn/military/202104011033398296/
(2)Sam Jones,“Ukraine:Russia’s new art of war”,August 29,2014,https://www.ft.com/content/ea5e82fa-2e0c-11e4-b760-00144feabdc0
(3)《卫星社与中央广播电视总台签约开启战略合作》，俄罗斯卫星网，2018年9月11日，http://sputniknews.cn/russia_china_relations/201809111026324567/
(1)“Putin,Flashing Disdain,Defends Action in Crimea:Says He Moved to Protect Military Bases and Has No Intention to Go to War”,New York Times,March 5,2014,A1.
(2)《俄罗斯联邦总统有关克里米亚入俄的演讲》，2014年3月18日，“ОбращениеПрезидентаРоссийскойФедерации”,18марта,2014года,http://kremlin.ru/transcripts/20603.
(3)Kathrin Hille,“Russia menaces Ukraine with military build-up”,Financial Times,March 28,2014.
(4)俄罗斯电视纪录片《克里米亚：回家之路》，俄罗斯第一电视新闻频道2015年3月15日播出。
(1)Kateryna Zarembo and Sergiy Solodkyy,“The Evolution of Russian Hybrid Warfare:Ukraine”,January 29,2021,https://cepa.org/the-evolution-of-russian-hybrid-warfare-ukraine/
(2)Kateryna Zarembo and Sergiy Solodkyy,“The Evolution of Russian Hybrid Warfare:Ukraine”,January 29,2021,https://cepa.org/the-evolution-of-russian-hybrid-warfare-ukraine/
(3)“Interview of the President of Ukraine to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung”,Jnue 1,2021,https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/intervyu-prezidenta-ukrayini-nimeckomu-vidannyu-frankfurter-68757
(4)“Petro Poroshenko:Ukraine needs the U.S.to respond to Russia”,http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/petro-poroshenko-ukraine-needs-the-us-to-respond-to-russia/2014/07/25/c3452338-141f-11e4-98ee-daea85133bc9_story.html?hpid=z3
(5)“Address by the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko to the Joint Session of the United States Congress”,September 18,2014,http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/31252.html
(1)Andy Greenberg,“How An Entire Nation Became Russia's Test Lab for Cyberwar”,June 20,2017,https://www.wired.com/story/russian-hackers-attack-ukraine/
(2)“Statement by the President at the General Debate of the 70th Session of the United Nations General Assembly”,September 29,2015,http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/vistup-prezidenta-ukrayini-na-zagalnih-debatah-70-yi-sesiyi-36057
(3)“Speech by President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy at the general debate of the 75th session of the UN General Assembly”,September23,2020,https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/vistupprezidenta-ukrayini-volodimira-zelenskogo-na-zagalnih-63889
(4)《瑞典外交部长卡尔·比尔特：如何解决乌克兰危机？》，金融时报中文网，2014年7月22日，http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001057361?full=y
(5)“Biden to Putin:Get out of Ukraine”,February 7,2015,https://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/07/politics/joe-biden-putin-ukraine/index.html
(1)《美国务卿：俄在介入乌局势问题上对其当面撒谎》，环球网，2015年2月25日，https://world.huanqiu.com/article/9Ca Krn JI7XK
(2)“Vladimir Putin’s annual news conference”,December 17,2020,http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/64671.
(3)《俄总统特别代表称信息战争已经成为当今生活的事实》，俄罗斯卫星网，2016年10月24日，https://sputniknews.cn/politics/201610241021013243/
(4)《“今日俄罗斯”通讯社社长：俄罗斯在与西方信息战中占上风》，俄罗斯卫星网，2018年9月12日，http://sputniknews.cn/society/201809121026332855/
(5)《俄联邦对外情报局局长：感谢“今日俄罗斯”国际通讯社让世界明白真相在俄一边》，俄罗斯卫星网，2021年6月24日，https://sputniknews.cn/russia/202106241033951217/
(1)Andy Greenberg,“How An Entire Nation Became Russia's Test Lab for Cyberwar”,June 20,2017,https://www.wired.com/story/russian-hackers-attack-ukraine/
(2)《俄防长：俄已成立信息作战部队》，俄罗斯卫星网，2017年2月22日，http://sputniknews.cn/russia/201702221021933079/
(3)Sam Jones,“Ukraine:Russia's new art of war”,August 29,2014,https://www.ft.com/content/ea5e82fa-2e0c-11e4-b760-00144feabdc0
(4)Andy Greenberg,“How An Entire Nation Became Russia's Test Lab for Cyberwar”,June 20,2017,https://www.wired.com/story/russian-hackers-attack-ukraine/
(5)Andy Greenberg,“How An Entire Nation Became Russia's Test Lab for Cyberwar”,June 20,2017,https://www.wired.com/story/russian-hackers-attack-ukraine/
(6)Andy Greenberg,“How An Entire Nation Became Russia's Test Lab for Cyberwar”,June 20,2017,https://www.wired.com/story/russian-hackers-attack-ukraine/
(1)“Ukraine expands sanctions against Russian media,IT companies”,May 16,2017,http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/16/c_136289661.htm
(2)“One year of Ukrainian sanctions against Russian social networks and Yandex:interim results”,June 4,2018,https://informnapalm.org/en/one-year-of-ukrainian-sanctions-against-russian-social-networks-and-yandex-interim-results/
(3)“Russia Blocks Pro-Ukraine Groups on Social Media”,March 3,2014,https://mashable.com/2014/03/03/russia-ukraine-internet/
(1)“Russia has plan to cut off country from‘US-controlled’global internet,but only as‘last resort,’says former President Medvedev”,February 1,2021,https://www.rt.com/russia/514236-cut-internet-last-resort/
(2)А.А.巴尔托什：《混合战争战略和反战略》，李抒音、吴一鸣译，载《俄罗斯学刊》2020年第2期，第134页。
(3)А.А.巴尔托什：《混合战争战略和反战略》，李抒音、吴一鸣译，载《俄罗斯学刊》2020年第2期，第135页。
基本信息:
中图分类号:D851.2;D851.13
引用信息:
[1]韩克敌.俄罗斯在乌克兰的“混合战争”[J].战略决策研究,2021,12(06):51-80+101-102.
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2021-11-10