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当前国际经贸秩序日益呈现安全化与集团化趋势,美国正通过重启双边或小多边贸易谈判,推动对外贸易协定毒丸条款向全球网络化扩散,构建排他性国际经贸制度安排,以服务大国战略竞争目标。2025年特朗普重返白宫后,以“对等贸易协定”为核心载体,推动美国对外贸易协定毒丸条款从2018年《美墨加协定》的单一条款演化为经济安全治理的重要工具,呈现出退出威慑程序化、规则捆绑复合化、域外规制协同化、适用对象差异化和规则扩散模板化等实践演进特征,其背后是美国应对大国制度竞争、国内经济压力向外转嫁、供应链安全化导向与进攻性收缩战略等多重逻辑共同作用的结果,而对中国外经贸发展的冲击已从传统市场准入延伸至供应链布局、数字治理、海外投资与全球经贸规则话语权等系列领域。对此,中国应立足制度竞争高度,针对毒丸条款的运作机理与扩散路径,构建系统性应对策略。
Abstract:In recent years, international economic and trade order is increasingly characterized by securitization and bloc formation. By relaunching bilateral and minilateral trade negotiations, the United States is promoting the global networked proliferation of poison pill clauses embedded in its foreign trade agreements, constructing exclusive institutional arrangements for international economic and trade cooperation to advance its strategic competition with major powers. After Donald Trump returned to the White House in 2025, the U. S. government took reciprocal trade agreements as the primary vehicle to evolve poison pill clauses in U.S. foreign trade agreements from a single provision under the 2018 United States-MexicoCanada Agreement(USMCA) into a pivotal instrument for economic security governance. These clauses have exhibited evolutionary features including proceduralized exit deterrence, compound bundled rules, coordinated extraterritorial regulation, differentiated applicability targets, and templated rule diffusion. Behind such developments lies the interplay of multiple logics: the U. S. ' responses to institutional competition among major powers, externalization of domestic economic pressures, supply chain securitization orientations, and an offensive retrenchment strategy. The shocks inflicted on China ' s foreign economic and trade development have extended beyond traditional market access to supply chain layout, digital governance, overseas investment, discourse power over global economic and trade rules, and a series of related domains. Subsequently, China should develop a systematic response strategy from the perspective of institutional competition, targeting the operational mechanisms and diffusion pathways of poison pill clauses.
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(4)未公布协定名称与条款文本,参见:https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/07/fact-sheetpresident-donald-j-trump-secures-unprecedented-u-s-japan-strategic-trade-and-investment-agreement/,https://pid.gov.pk/site/press_detail/29867。
(5)相关条款分别参见:https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2025/10/agreement-between-the-united-states-of-america-and-malaysia-on-reciprocal-trade/,https://www. whitehouse. gov/briefings-statements/2025/10/agreement-between-the-united-states-of-america-and-the-kingdom-ofcambodia-on-reciprocal-trade/。
(1)除特别说明外,本文所引用的美国对外贸易协定及其毒丸条款均来自:https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/agreements-reciprocal-trade。下文不再重复注明出处。
(1)截至2026年7月,美国已公布条款文本的所谓“对等贸易协定”共有10个,叠加《美墨加协定》以及尚未公布协定名称和文本但大概率嵌入了毒丸条款的美国-日本贸易协定、美国-巴基斯坦贸易协定,含有毒丸条款的贸易协定已超过10个。美国与中国台湾地区签署的所谓“对等贸易协定”由所谓美国在台协会(AIT)与驻美台北经济文化代表处(TECRO)签署,属于非官方主体达成的经贸安排。
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(1)相关贸易协定框架的名称有小的区别,但大多以“Framework for an Agreement on Reciprocal,Fair,and Balanced Trade”命名,详细名录和条款参见:https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/。要注意的是,贸易协定框架并非正式的贸易协定,不具正式约束力。
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(1)《警惕!美国强塞毒丸条款,“测试东盟忠诚度”》,观察者网,2025年11月6日,https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2025_11_06_792734.shtml。
基本信息:
中图分类号:F757.12
引用信息:
[1]陈龙江,唐静.美国对外贸易协定的毒丸条款:特征、动因与影响[J].战略决策研究,2026,17(05):93-112+139-140.
2026-09-10
2026-09-10